Prostate Cancer 101: Understanding the Basics, Risk Factors, and Symptoms

Dr. Vipul Tilva, Consultant Uro-Oncologist and Robotic Surgeon, HCG Cancer Centre, Ahmedabad.

Prostate cancer, a disease that affects the male reproductive system, is one of the most common forms of cancer in men. The prostate gland, a small walnut-sized organ located below the bladder, plays a crucial role in the male reproductive system. It produces a fluid that nourishes and transports sperm. However, like any other part of the body, the prostate can also be vulnerable to cancer.

Prostate cancer begins when normal cells within the prostate gland undergo changes in their DNA, leading them to grow and divide uncontrollably. Over time, these abnormal cells can form a tumor and, if left untreated, spread to other parts of the body. While prostate cancer is typically a slow-growing cancer, it can still be aggressive in some cases.

Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer

Understanding the risk factors associated with prostate cancer is essential for early detection and prevention. While some factors are beyond our control, others can be managed through lifestyle choices and regular health check-ups.

Age: Age is a significant risk factor. Prostate cancer is more common in men over the age of 50, with the risk increasing as one gets older.

Family History: If you have a close relative (father, brother) who has had prostate cancer, your risk is higher.

Race and Ethnicity: African American men have a higher risk of developing prostate cancer, and it tends to be more aggressive. On the other hand, Asian men have a lower risk.

Dietary Habits: Diets high in red meat and dairy products while being low in fruits and vegetables may increase the risk of prostate cancer.

Physical Activity: Leading a sedentary lifestyle can contribute to an increased risk of prostate cancer. Regular exercise, however, has been associated with a reduced risk.

Obesity: Obesity is linked to a higher risk of developing aggressive forms of prostate cancer.

Symptoms of Prostate Cancer

Detecting prostate cancer early significantly improves treatment outcomes. However, prostate cancer often shows no symptoms in its early stages, which is why regular health check-ups are vital. As the disease progresses, the following symptoms might manifest:

Urinary Changes: Difficulty in initiating or stopping urine flow, frequent urination (especially at night), weak urine stream, and the feeling of not completely emptying the bladder.

Blood in Urine or Semen: Seeing blood in the urine or semen can be indicative of various conditions, including prostate cancer.

Erectile Dysfunction: While not exclusive to prostate cancer, persistent erectile dysfunction could be a sign of concern.

Discomfort and Pain: Discomfort or pain in the pelvic area, lower back, hips, or upper thighs can sometimes be associated with advanced prostate cancer.

Bone Pain: If the cancer has spread to the bones, it can cause bone pain, especially in the spine, hips, and ribs.

Prevention of Prostate Cancer

Preventing prostate cancer or reducing your risk can be achieved through several strategies:

Healthy Diet: Maintain a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits and vegetables. Reduce the consumption of red meat and high-fat dairy products. Antioxidant-rich foods like tomatoes, broccoli, and green tea may have protective effects.

Regular Exercise and maintain a healthy weight: Engage in regular physical activity, such as brisk walking, jogging, or swimming. Exercise not only helps maintain a healthy weight but also may reduce the risk of prostate cancer. Aim to achieve and maintain a healthy body weight. Obesity is associated with an increased risk of aggressive prostate cancer.

Limit Alcohol Consumption: Excessive alcohol intake has been linked to an elevated risk of prostate cancer. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation.

Avoid Smoking: Smoking is a risk factor for various cancers, including prostate cancer. Quitting smoking can reduce your overall cancer risk.

Regular Check-ups: Visit your healthcare provider regularly for check-ups and screenings, especially if you have risk factors like age, family history, or ethnicity. Early detection can lead to more effective treatment.

Know Your Family History: If you have a family history of prostate cancer, discuss it with your healthcare provider. They can provide personalized recommendations and screening schedules.

Prostate cancer is a complex disease that requires vigilance and awareness. Understanding the basics, recognizing risk factors, and being attentive to potential symptoms and prevention strategies can empower men to take control of their health. Early detection through regular medical check-ups and screenings, combined with a proactive approach to prevention, is paramount. Remember, knowledge is a potent tool in the fight against prostate cancer – a disease that can be conquered with timely intervention, informed decisions, and a commitment to a healthy lifestyle.