Understanding Ovarian Cancer: Types, Risk Factors, and Early Detection

Dr. Raj Nagarkar, MD & Chief Surgical Oncologist, HCG Manavata Cancer Centre, Nashik.

Women of all ages from around the world are exposed to this silent and fatal disease known as ovarian cancer. Due to its modest symptoms and ease with which they can be confused with those of other prevalent diseases, it is frequently referred to as the “silent killer”. Despite ovarian cancer’s stealthy character, early detection and being aware is extremely important for improving the prognosis and survival rates. We will examine the several types of ovarian cancer in this article, the risk factors that contribute to its occurrence, and the significance of early identification.

 Types of Ovarian Cancer

Ovarian cancer is classified into several types, each with its own set of characteristics and treatment options. Understanding these types is crucial for patients and as well as the doctors, below mentioned are the same –

1. Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: This is the most prevalent kind, contributing to over 90% of all instances of ovarian cancer. It begins in the epithelial cells that line the ovaries’ outer surface. The subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer are serous, mucinous, endometrioid, and clear cell, each with its own set of traits.
2. Germ Cell Tumors: Germ cell tumors form in the ovaries from the cells which produce eggs. They are more common in younger women and have a positive outcome, with a high cure rate when identified early.
3. Stromal tumors: It usually forms in the connective tissue cells that hold the ovaries together. Stromal tumors are uncommon, yet they can produce hormones, resulting in specific symptoms.
4. Small Cell Carcinoma of the Ovary: This is a very rare and severe kind of ovarian cancer that usually affects young women. It is distinguished by small, spherical cancer cells and necessitates specialist treatment.

Risk factors

A woman’s risk of developing ovarian cancer can be increased by several of factors including:

1. Age: Ovarian cancer is more prevalent in older women, especially those over 60yrs have the highest incidence.
2. Family History: A family history of ovarian, breast, or colorectal cancer can increase the risk. Women who have BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene mutations are also at increased risk.
3. Personal History: Women who have had breast, colon, or uterine cancer in the past may be at a higher risk of developing ovarian cancer.
4. Reproductive History: Women who have never been pregnant, began menstruation at a young age, or entered menopause late may also be at a higher risk.
5. HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy): Long-term use of estrogen-only HRT, particularly when combined with progesterone, might increase the risk of ovarian cancer.
6. Endometriosis: Women who have had endometriosis in the past are at a slightly increased risk.
7. Obesity: Obesity can also lead to an increased risk of ovarian cancer.

Significance of Early detection

The key to improving the outcome of ovarian cancer is early identification. Unfortunately, ovarian cancer is typically discovered at its later stages as it sometimes appears with unclear symptoms or remains asymptomatic until it reaches an advanced stage. To solve this issue, women and healthcare practitioners must remain mindful.

Regular pelvic tests, as well as discussions about family and personal medical history, can help in the identification of potential risk factors. Women should also be aware of common ovarian cancer signs such as bloating, pelvic, or abdominal pain, difficulty eating or feeling full quickly, and frequent urination. If these symptoms persist for more than a few weeks, it is critical to see a doctor for a further evaluation.

Ovarian cancer is a complex disease with many subtypes and risk factors. Understanding the nuances is critical for early detection and treatment. Women and medical professionals can work together to improve the chances of successful outcomes and survival rates in the battle against ovarian cancer by understanding the many forms of ovarian cancer, recognizing risk factors, and understanding the significance of early detection.